Q: Since Christmas is on Monday this year, can I go to a Christmas vigil Mass on Sunday and have it fulfill my Sunday and Christmas obligations? (Boston, Massachusetts)
A: Christmas Eve falls on a Sunday in 2023. And like all Sundays, Catholics are required to attend Mass in person, unless there is some legitimate reason (like illness or inclement weather) that makes attending Mass unduly difficult or impossible.
The following Monday, Dec. 25, is Christmas Day, which is also a holy day of obligation. Because there are two holy days of obligation – i.e., Sunday and Christmas – this means that there are two distinct obligations. Each separate obligation needs to be fulfilled by attending a separate Mass. That is, you cannot “double-dip” by attending a Christmas Eve Mass that happens to be on Sunday evening and have this one Mass fulfill two obligations. This year, Sunday is actually the 4th Sunday of Advent. In years when Christmas Day falls on a Sunday, Christmas replaces the Sunday liturgically, which means there is one obligation.
Here is the part that can get confusing: even though you must attend two Masses to fulfill the two obligations, all this means is that you must go to Mass on that calendar day or attend a vigil Mass the evening before. The readings and prayers do not need to match the day whose obligation you are fulfilling. So, you could go to a Christmas vigil Mass on Dec. 24 and have it count as your Sunday obligation this year; but if you intend for this to fulfill your Sunday obligation, then you must also attend another Mass on Christmas day to fulfill your obligation for the holy day.
Of course, if you were to attend a vigil Mass on Saturday for Sunday, and then the Christmas vigil Mass on Sunday (Christmas Eve) for Christmas day, you would have it all covered.
Q: I am a member of our Altar Society and was told we are not to use artificial flowers/plants to decorate the altar. Yet, during the Christmas season, artificial trees with elaborate shopping-mall decorations are displayed on the altar. Please explain the rationale and guidelines. There seems to be a contradiction. (City withheld, Hawaii)
A: As far as I can find, there is nothing in the Church’s universal law that strictly prohibits using artificial plants or flowers as sanctuary decorations.
The General Instruction of the Roman Missal (i.e., the “instruction book” for how Mass should be celebrated) does not discuss silk versus natural flowers. But in paragraph 305, it does specify that, “During Advent the floral decoration of the altar should be marked by a moderation suited to the character of this time of year;” and that, “During Lent it is forbidden for the altar to be decorated with flowers. Exceptions, however, are Laetare Sunday (Fourth Sunday of Lent), Solemnities, and Feasts.”
In 2000, however, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued its own document with guidelines on the proper celebration of the liturgy titled “Built of Living Stones.” In this document, paragraph 129 states a clear preference for decorating with natural, as opposed to artificial, plants, noting, “The use of living flowers and plants, rather than artificial greens, serves as a reminder of the gift of life God has given to the human community. Planning for plants and flowers should include not only the procurement and placement but also the continuing care needed to sustain living things.”
Granted, this is a stated preference and not an absolute prohibition. But it could be that your specific parish or diocese has a policy of using only natural plants.
When people donate for flower memorials for a collective Mass intention for deceased loved ones, it should be clear that the donation is for the group (collective) Mass intention and is not a donation for flowers which may be real or artificial; the Church does have rules about collective Mass intentions such as agreement of the people who want the collective Mass and one offering.
Practically speaking, even in places where natural plants are strongly preferred, I imagine that Christmas trees, wreaths and other evergreen garlands are cases where it might be reasonable to make an exception and use artificial greenery. As anyone who has ever had a real Christmas tree in their home knows, the regular shedding of dead pine needles can create quite the ongoing clean-up project, which might become overly burdensome to Altar Societies or those charged with care of the sanctuary and even create a risk of fire if lights are attached.
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Jenna Marie Cooper, who holds a licentiate in canon law, is a consecrated virgin and a canonist whose column appears weekly at OSV News. Send your questions to [email protected].